SISTEMAS ENERGÉTICOS INTEGRADOS PARA UNA INDUSTRIA SOSTENIBLE

Manuel Toledano Ayala, Claudia Gutiérrez Antonio, Sergio Iván Martínez Guido, Oscar Daniel Lara Montaño

Resumen


Este artículo analiza el potencial de los Sistemas Energéticos Integrados como eje de la transición energética en el sector industrial. Se presenta una revisión crítica de su concepto, componentes tecnológicos, generación renovable variable, cogeneración/trigeneración, almacenamiento multivectorial y sistemas avanzados de gestión de la energía, y de su evolución de costos entre 2010 y 2025. Con base en estudios de caso internacionales y nacionales, se cuantifican los beneficios técnicos y ambientales: incrementos de eficiencia global del 65-85 % y reducciones de emisiones directas de CO₂ de hasta 60 % frente a configuraciones convencionales. Asimismo, se examinan las sinergias entre los SEI y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS 7, 9, 12 y 13), asícomo las recientes reformas regulatorias en México que habilitan la generación distribuida, el almacenamiento y la venta de excedentes. Finalmente, se identifican los desafíos clave (financiamiento, vacíos normativos y ciberseguridad OT/IT) y se proponen líneas de investigación prioritarias, como el almacenamiento de larga duración y los algoritmos de optimización basados en inteligencia artificial. El trabajo concluye que los SEI ofrecen una vía técnicamente madura y económicamente competitiva para descarbonizar la industria y fortalecer la resiliencia energética, siempre que exista un marco regulatorio estable y acceso a mecanismos financieros innovadores. 

Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Abdmouleh, Z., Alammari, R. A. M., & Gastli, A. (2015). Review of policies encouraging renewable energy integration & best practices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.035

Aghazadeh Ardebili, A., Zappatore, M., Ramadan, A. I. H. A., Longo, A., & Ficarella, A. (2024). Digital Twins of smart energy systems: A systematic literature review on enablers, design, management and computational challenges. Energy Informatics, 7(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-024-00385-5

BloombergNEF. (2024). Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Prices Fall to a Record Low of $139/kWh. https://about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-fall-to-a-record-low-of-139-kwh/

Breyer, C., Khalili, S., Bogdanov, D., Ram, M., Oyewo, A. S., Aghahosseini, A., Gulagi, A., Solomon, A. A., Keiner, D., Lopez, G., Ostergaard, P. A., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. V., Jacobson, M. Z., Victoria, M., Teske, S., Pregger, T., Fthenakis, V., Raugei, M., … Sovacool, B. K. (2022). On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research. IEEE Access, 10, 78176–78218. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3193402

Chitgar, N., & Moghimi, M. (2020). Design and evaluation of a novel multi-generation system based on SOFC-GT for electricity, fresh water and hydrogen production. Energy, 197, 117162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117162

Chu, W., Calise, F., Duić, N., Østergaard, P. A., Vicidomini, M., & Wang, Q. (2020). Recent Advances in Technology, Strategy and Application of Sustainable Energy Systems. Energies, 13(19), 5229. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195229

CISA. (2024). Securing Operational Technology. https://www.cisa.gov/topics/operational-technology

Comisión Europea. (2024). EU funding for SMEs. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/access-funding/eu-funding-smes_en

Comisión Reguladora de Energía. (2025). Acuerdo Núm. A/113/2024 por el que se emiten las Disposiciones Administrativas de Carácter General para la Integración de Sistemas de Almacenamiento de Energía Eléctrica al Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5700000&fecha=07/03/2025

Congressional Budget Office. (2024). Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the Manufacturing Sector. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60030

Dragos, Inc. (2024). 2023 OT Cybersecurity Year in Review. https://www.dragos.com/resources/reports/2023-ot-cybersecurity-year-in-executive-summary/

Energy Institute. (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy.

Ghoniem, A. F. (2011). Needs, resources and climate change: Clean and efficient conversion technologies. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(1), 15–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.006

Graus, W. H. J., Voogt, M., & Worrell, E. (2007). International comparison of energy efficiency of fossil power generation. Energy Policy, 35(7), 3936–3951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.01.016

Holland & Knight LLP. (2025). Ejecutivo Federal de México presenta iniciativa que expide la Ley del Sector Eléctrico: Parte 2. https://www.hklaw.com/es/insights/publications/2025/02/ejecutivo-federal-de-mexico-presenta-iniciativas-de-ley-en-materia

International Energy Agency. (2022). Technology and Innovation Pathways for Zero-carbon-ready Buildings by 2030. https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-and-innovation-pathways-for-zero-carbon-ready-buildings-by-2030

International Energy Agency. (2024a). Batteries and Hydrogen. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-carbon-fuels/batteries-and-hydrogen

International Energy Agency. (2024b). Industry – Energy System. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry

International Energy Agency. (2024c). Mexico – Countries & Regions. https://www.iea.org/countries/mexico

International Renewable Energy Agency. (2018). Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050. https://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Apr/Global-Energy-Transformation-A-Roadmap-to-2050

Khalid, M. (2024). Smart grids and renewable energy systems: Perspectives and grid integration challenges. Energy Strategy Reviews, 51, 101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101299

Lazard. (2024). Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis—Version 17.0. https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen-analysis-2024/

Lazard. (2025). Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy+ Analysis—Version 18.0 and Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis—Version 10.0. https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/

Mancarella, P. (2014). MES (multi-energy systems): An overview of concepts and evaluation models. Energy, 65, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.041

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2023). Thermal Energy Storage. https://www.nrel.gov/research/storage-thermal.html

Nations, U. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024 [Techreport]. United Nations.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (2022). Grid Energy Storage Technology Cost and Performance Assessment. https://www.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/media/file/ESGC%20Cost%20Performance%20Report%202022%20PNNL-33283.pdf

Port of Antwerp-Bruges. (2024). Port of Antwerp-Bruges as a green hydrogen hub for Europe. https://www.portofantwerpbruges.com/en/sustainability/energy-transition/hydrogen

Reuters. (2025). Renewable energy remains cheapest power builds as new gas plants get pricier. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/renewable-energy-remains-cheapest-power-builds-new-gas-plants-get-pricier-2025-06-16/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Riepin, I., & Brown, T. (2024). On the means, costs, and system-level impacts of 24/7 carbon-free energy procurement. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54, 101488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101488

Song, D., Meng, W., Dong, M., Yang, J., Wang, J., Chen, X., & Huang, L. (2022). A critical survey of integrated energy system: Summaries, methodologies and analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 266, 115863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115863

Stoeglehner, G. (2020). Integrated spatial and energy planning: A means to reach sustainable development goals. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 17(2), 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40844-020-00160-7

United Nations. (2024, julio). Causes and Effects of Climate Change. Uniter Nations. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2024). Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Renewable Energy Systems & Energy Efficiency Improvement Guaranteed Loans & Grants. https://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/energy-programs/rural-energy-america-program-renewable-energy-systems-energy-efficiency-improvement-guaranteed-loans-grants

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2023). Use of energy in industry. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/industry.php

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). CHP Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/chp/chp-benefits

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

van Asselt, H., & Newell, P. (2022). Pathways to an International Agreement to Leave Fossil Fuels in the Ground. Global Environmental Politics, 22(4), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00674

Wu, J., Yan, J., Jia, H., Hatziargyriou, N., Djilali, N., & Sun, H. (2016). Integrated Energy Systems. Applied Energy, 167, 155–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.075

Wu, Q., Tan, J., Jin, X., Zhang, M., & Turk, A. (2022). Introduction of integrated energy systems. En Optimal Operation of Integrated Multi-Energy Systems Under Uncertainty (pp. 1–16). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-824114-1.00006-8

Yalew, A. W. (2022). The Ethiopian energy sector and its implications for the SDGs and modeling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 2, 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rset.2022.100018

Yang, L., Wu, X., Huang, B., & Li, Z. (2025). Sustainable Industrial Energy Supply Systems with Integrated Renewable Energy, CCUS, and Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Evaluation. Sustainability, 17(2), 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020712

Zafar, R., Mahmood, A., Razzaq, S., Ali, W., Naeem, U., & Shehzad, K. (2018). Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1675–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.018


Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Naturaleza y Tecnología, revista electrónica de la División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas del campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato. En ella se reciben para su revisión y arbitraje, artículos originales de investigación, artículos de revisión sobre temas actuales de investigación, así como ensayos sobre diversas temáticas del mundo científico y académico en las áreas de la química, matemáticas, ingeniería, astronomía, biología y farmacia, dentro del ámbito que comprenden las ciencias naturales y exactas, siendo requerido que no hayan sido publicadas o en proceso de publicación en otras revistas. Cuenta también con un Facebook de notas científicas de actualidad como apoyo a la actividad académica de la comunidad universitaria y para conocimiento del público en general como parte de un programa de divulgación científica y tecnológica.

.